Most Memorable UK Summers Of The Past 25 Years

In just the last 20 or so years, we have experienced some of the UK’s warmest, coolest, driest and wettest summers in recorded history. Here’s a look back at some of the most memorable summers since 1990.

Information provided is from the Met Office.

Hot spell August 1990

At the beginning of August 1990 there was a widespread hot spell, during which a new UK temperature record was set

A maximum of 37.1 °C was measured at Cheltenham on the 3rd, beating the record of 36.7 °C set at Raunds (Northamptonshire), Epsom (Surrey) and Canterbury (Kent) on 9 August 1911. Temperatures exceeded 32 °C over large areas of southern, central and eastern England and east Wales from the 1st to 4th, peaking on the 3rd with over 35 °C recorded in several large swathes of England.

Impacts

Across England and Wales, the heat placed strains on every day life. Transport was affected with road closures as surfaces melted, a runway at Heathrow airport suffered similar problems and, as a precaution, speed restrictions were in force for some inter-city trains in case rails buckled. There was also a surge in hospital admissions with heat-related conditions, and an increased mortality rate. The fire services were kept busy tackling heath and farmland fires that broke out in dry conditions that had prevailed since March. On 3 and 4 August there was a spate of drownings as people turned to swimming as a way of keeping cool. The entire stock of a Liverpool chocolate factory melted and at Stansted Mountfichet Castle, Essex a waxwork knight melted into a puddle.

Weather data

The first four days of August saw a degree and spatial extent of high temperatures that exceeded any other hot spell in the 20th century. On the 1st, over 32 °C was recorded in parts of the Thames Valley, East Anglia and the west Midlands. On the 2nd, large areas of England and Wales passed 32 °C with a new record set for Wales of 35.2 °C at Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire. The 3rd was the hottest day of the spell, with most of east Wales and England exceeding 32 °C and the new UK record of 37.1 °C at Cheltenham. By midday on the 4th a southward moving cold front had introduced cooler weather to all but southern and eastern England and 34 °C was again reached inland in south-east England. By the 5th, the cooler air had also reached here and the temperatures had dropped by at least 10 degrees.

Rainfall totals for the period since early March had been one-third of average resulting in dry soil and vegetation. Indeed, from 7 July to 13 August in some southern districts only 1 or 2 mm of rainfall was recorded, while in parts of Sussex, Kent and Essex there was no measurable rainfall.

The synoptic chart for 12 GMT on 3 August 1990

synop

The distribution of the highest temperatures on 3 August 1990 showing places named in the table below

named_map

A remarkable feature of the hot spell was the setting of new maximum temperature records from places as far apart as east Scotland and the Isle of Wight. Details of the temperature records broken are given in the following table, with most of the stations having over 70 years of data:

Station County August 1990 Maximum temperature (°C) Date Previous record Date Next record Date
Cheltenham Gloucestershire 37.1 3 35.9 3 July 1976 None
Cambridge Botanic Gardens Cambridgeshire 36.5* 3 35.6 19 August 1932 36.9 10 August 2003
South Farnborough Hampshire 36.2 3 35.9 3 July 1976
Reading (Whiteknights) Berkshire 35.5* 3 35.0 12 July 1923 36.4 10 August 2003
Hawarden Bridge Flintshire 35.2 2 33.0 3 July 1976 None
Newport Shropshire 34.8 3 32.0 3 July 1976
Sutton Bonington Nottinghamshire 34.8 3 32.8 12 August 1953
Nottingham (Watnall) Nottinghamshire 34.6 3 33.8 8 August 1975
Hampstead Greater London 34.6* 3 34.4 19 August 1932 37.4 10 August 2003
Cardiff (Weather Centre) South Glamorgan 34.5 3 33.1 13 July 1983 None
Bidston Merseyside 34.5 2 31.4 3 July 1976 None
Hull Humberside 34.4 3 32.8 7 July 1941
Sheffield South Yorkshire 34.3 3 33.5 9 August 1911
Prestatyn Denbighshire 34.3 2 32.4 3 July 1976
Boscombe Down Wiltshire 34.2# 3 33.3 2 July 1976 34.5 19 July 2006
Southport (Greenbank) Merseyside 33.9 2 32.0 3 July 1976 None
Rothamsted Hertfordshire 33.8* 3 33.3 19 August 1932 35.6 10 August 2003
Macclesfield Cheshire 33.1 3 31.8 8 August 1975 None
Harrogate North Yorkshire 33.1 2 30.6 31 July 1943 None
Buxton Derbyshire 32.7 3 30.0 31 July 1943
Eastbourne East Sussex 32.6 4 31.6 3 July 1976
Durham Observatory Durham 32.5 3 30.6 31 July 1943
Skegness Lincolnshire 32.4 3 32.0 29 July 1983
Bradford West Yorkshire 32.2 3 31.1 12 August 1953
Bolton Greater Manchester 32.1 3 31.7 27 August 1930 None
Sandown Isle of Wight 32.0 4 31.1 16 August 1947 None
Tynemouth Northumberland 31.9 3 28.1 16 July 1969 None
Leuchars Fife 30.8 2 28.9 2 July 1933

Many of these records survived the heatwaves of  August 2003[* value exceeded in August 2003] and July 2006[# value exceeded in July 2006] although some stations had ceased to make observations by then, shown by ‘none’ in next record column. These figures were reviewed in July 2009.

Additional information

For further details and a comparison with the heatwaves of 1906 and 1911, please see: The record breaking heatwave of 1-4 August 1990 over England and Wales, R. Brugge, Weather, 46, 2-10, Jan 1991.
The exceptional hot spell of early August 1990 in the United Kingdom,S. Burt ,International Journal of Climatology, 12, 547-567 1992.

Last updated: 30 October 2012

j

Hot spell – August 2003

Maximum temperatures

The UK record of 37.1 °C at Cheltenham on 3 August 1990 was beaten by a number of stations on 10 August 2003, with Brogdale, near Faversham (Kent) reporting the highest at 38.5 °C.

Table of highest maximum temperatures – 5 August 2003

Maximum temperatures – 5 August 2003
Station name Maximum
temperature (°C)
Extra information
Jersey Airport 34.8 New station record beating the previous high of 34.5 °C on 3 August 1990, using digital data records back to 1957.
Jersey St Helier 34.2 Station record was broken on 9 August 2003, see table below.
Wisley (Surrey) 33.9 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Guernsey Airport 33.7 New station record beating the previous high of 32.8 °C on 3 August 1990, using digitised data records back to 1960. This value was then exceeded on 9 August 2003, when 34.3 °C was recorded.
Valley (Anglesey) 33.0 New station record beating the previous high of 32.8 °C on 29 July 1948, using digitised data records back to 1931.

Guernsey Airport had a night-time minimum temperature of 23.7 °C on 4/5 August 2003, its highest on record. Previous highest night-time (12-hour) minimum was 22.9 °C on 2/3 August 1990 (using digitised data records back to 1960).

St. Mawgan (Cornwall), had a night-time minimum temperature of 23.1 °C on 4/5 August 2003, its highest on record. Previous highest night-time (12-hour) minimum was 20.4 °C on 28/29 July 1976 (using digitised data records back to 1957).

Map of highest maximum temperatures – 6 August 2003

max6aug03

Table of highest maximum temperatures – 6 August 2003

Maximum temperatures – 6 August 2003
Station name Maximum
temperature (°C)
Extra information
Gravesend-Broadness (Kent) 36.4 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Greenwich Observatory (London) 36.3 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Wisley (Surrey) 36.1 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (London) 36.1 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Cambridge Guildhall (Cambridgeshire) 36.0 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.

Map of highest maximum temperatures – 9 August 2003

max9aug03

Table of highest maximum temperatures – 9 August 2003

Maximum temperatures – 9 August 2003
Station name Maximum
temperature (°C)
Extra information
Enfield (London) 36.4 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (London) 36.0 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Jersey St Helier 36.0 New station record beating the previous high of 35.4 °C on 3 August 1990, using digitised data records back to 1970. Also the highest known value for any of the Channel Island stations, beating previous highest of 35.6 °C set on Jersey in 1932.
Greenwich Observatory (London) 36.0 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.
Met Office London 36.0 Station record was broken on 10 August 2003, see table below.

Greycrook (Scottish Borders) reported a maximum temperature of 32.9 °C on 9 August 2003, beating the previous Scottish record of 32.8 °C at Dumfries (Dumfries and Galloway) on 2 July 1908 and on several occasions at other places in the 19th century.

Map of highest maximum temperatures – 10 August 2003

max10aug03

Table of highest maximum temperatures – 10 August 2003

Maximum temperatures – 10 August 2003
Station name Maximum
temperature (°C)
Extra information
Brogdale near Faversham (Kent) 38.5 New UK maximum temperature record.
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (London) 38.1 New station record beating the previous high of 36.2 °C on 3 August 1990, digital data records back to 1981.
Gravesend-Broadness (Kent) 38.1 New station record, but data records only back to 1995.
Heathrow (London) 37.9 New station record beating the previous high of 36.5 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1949.
Wisley (Surrey) 37.8 New station record beating the previous high of 35.4 °C on 3 August 1990, digital data records back to 1959.
Enfield (London) 37.8 New station record beating the previous high of 35.7 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1960s (data records only patchy).
Northolt (London) 37.7 New station record beating the previous high of 36.3 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1984.
Met Office London 37.6 New station record beating the previous high of 35.0 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1974.
St. James’s Park (London) 37.6 New station record beating the previous high of 35.3 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1959.
Cambridge Guildhall (Cambridgeshire) 37.5 New station record, but data records only back to 1997.
Greenwich Observatory (London) 37.5 New station record beating the previous high of 34.7 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1959.
East Malling (Kent) 37.4 New station record beating the previous high of 34.6 °C on 3/8/1990, digitised data records back to 1959.
Cavendish (Suffolk) 37.3 New station record beating the previous high of 35.2 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1977.
Northwood (London) 37.0 New station record beating the previous high of 34.6 °C on 3 August 1990, digitised data records back to 1959.

Met Office London had a night-time minimum temperature of 23.7 °C on 9/10 August 2003, its highest night-time (12-hour) minimum was 24.0 °C on 3/4 August 1990 (using digitised data records back to 1974).

Highest temperatures during 2003

Brogdale near Faversham (Kent) recorded England’s highest temperature with 38.5 °C on 10 August 2003 (beats the previous highest value anywhere in UK).

Valley recorded the Welsh highest temperature, with 33.0 °C on 5 August 2003, which beat its previous highest of 32.8 °C on 29 July 1948 (data records back to 1931).

Greycrook (Scottish borders) recorded Scotland’s highest temperature with 32.9 °C on 9 August 2003 (beats the old Scottish record below).

Castlederg (Co. Fermanagh) recorded Northern Ireland’s highest temperature with 29.3 °C on 8 August 2003.

Maximum temperature extremes

Previous highest England recorded temperature, 37.1 °C at Cheltenham (Gloucestershire) on 3 August 1990 (the highest official temperature recorded anywhere in the UK).

Highest Wales recorded temperature, 35.2 °C at Hawarden Bridge (Clwyd) on 2 August 1990.

Previous highest Scotland recorded temperature, 32.8 °C at Dumfries (Dumfries and Galloway) on 2 July 1908 and on several occasions at other places in the 19th century.

Highest Northern Ireland recorded temperature, 30.8 °C at Knockarevan (near Belleek, Co. Fermanagh) on 30 June 1976, and at Shaw’s Bridge, Belfast (Co. Antrim) on 12 July 1983.

Hot spells, with consecutive maximum temperatures over 30 °C

During the long hot summer of 1976, temperatures exceeded 32 °C (90 °F), somewhere in the UK, on 15 consecutive days starting on 23 June. In 2003, 32 °C was exceeded on three consecutive days between 4 and 6 August and then on five consecutive days between 8 and 12 August, somewhere in the UK (temperatures failed to reach 32 °C at any of the real-time stations on 7 August).

During the summer of 1976, Heathrow had 16 consecutive days over 30 °C from 23 June to 8 July (its highest number of consecutive days above 30 °C). In 2003, Heathrow managed three consecutive days above 30 °C between 4 and 6 August 2003, and five consecutive days between 8 and 12 August 2003.

During the summer of 1976, Enfield had six consecutive days over 30 °C from 23 to 28 June, and seven consecutive days between 2 and 8 July. In 2003, Enfield had ten consecutive maximum temperatures over 30 °C from 3 to 12 August 2003 (their highest number of consecutive days above 30 °C, using patchy digitised records back to 1960s).

During the summer of 1976, Wisley had six consecutive days over 30 °C from 23 to 28 June, and eight consecutive days between 1 and 8 July. In 2003, Wisley had ten consecutive maximum temperatures over 30 °C from 3 to 12 August 2003 (their highest number of consecutive days above 30 °C, using digitised records back to 1959).

During the summer of 1976, St. James’s Park had six consecutive days over 30 °C from 23 June to 28 June, and seven consecutive days between 2 and 8 July. In 2003, St. James’s Park had nine consecutive maximum temperatures over 30 °C from 4 to 12 August 2003 (their highest number of consecutive days above 30 °C, using digitised records back to 1959).

During the summer of 1976, East Malling had six consecutive days over 30 °C from 23 June to 28 June. In 2003, East Malling had nine consecutive maximum temperatures over 30 °C from 4 to 12 August 2003 (their highest number of consecutive days above 30 °C, using digitised records back to 1959).

Last updated: 6 November 2012

Record breaking heat and sunshine – July 2006

July 2006 was the warmest month on record over much of the UK and the sunniest over parts of England.

Many station and areal records were broken, mainly for July but some were for any month. Notably, in the monthly Central England Temperature series which commenced in 1659, it was the warmest calendar month yet recorded. The numerous warm, sunny days were associated with anomalously high pressure over northern Europe and a persistent southerly airstream over the UK.

Warmest calendar month yet recorded

WarmestCETmonths_clip_image002

Impacts

The heat placed strains on water and energy utilities, road and rail transport and the health and fire services. For example, heat damage to road surfaces was reported from Cornwall to Cumbria – the cost of repairs was estimated at £3.6m in Oxfordshire alone. Speed restrictions were introduced on many rail lines, because of the risk of buckling – the west coast main line was particularly affected with delays and cancellations. Heat-Health Watch temperature warnings were in use for England and Wales, with advice to minimise the impacts of the heat – the number of excess deaths (680) was lower than in the August 2003 heatwave (2139).  Numerous grassland, moorland and forest fires broke out – restrictions were activated on open access land, mainly in northern England. However, the hot sunny weather also brought benefits to the tourist industry, food and drink retailers and, to some extent, farmers and growers.

Weather data

Daily variation

The first four days of the month saw weather that was to recur on many days later in the month, especially over England and Wales. Each day maximum temperatures exceeded 28 °C widely across England and Wales, with 30-32 °C in southern England and the Midlands, and over 10 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, with 12-14 hours in some eastern and southern areas of England. On the 5th and 6th, as thundery rain affected the southern half of the UK, it was the turn of the north to experience warm weather with temperatures over 26 °C widely. The next few days saw more-changeable conditions with near normal temperatures, before England again turned warmer and sunnier on 11th and 12th. Anticyclonic weather became firmly established over the UK and the North Sea from the 13th, bringing increasingly warm air from the east or south-east with little or no cloud. This middle part of the month saw the sunniest and warmest weather. Sunshine totals of 14-15 hours were recorded widely each day from the 11th to 19th, especially over England and Wales. By the 16th, temperatures were approaching 30 °C over much of England and Wales and continued to climb across the UK each day, exceeding 35 °C in places on the 19th when new UK and Welsh temperature records for July were set. The value of 36.5 °C recorded at Wisley, Surrey on 19th overturned the UK record for July of 35.9 °C set on 3 July 1976 at Cheltenham, Glos. Hot weather persisted for much of the following week, particularly over England and Wales. On the 25th, temperatures reached 33° C in the London area, with 34.1 °C at Charlwood, Surrey making this the second-hottest day of July. The 26th saw similar heat in south-east England. As the month drew to a close temperatures declined as Atlantic fronts advanced eastwards.

The synoptic chart for 1200 GMT 19 July 2006

asxx_20060719_1200UTC

Highest temperatures

The highest temperatures recorded in the period 16th-29th are shown on this map.

Max_temp1629Jul

The highest temperatures recorded on 19 July are shown in this map.

MaxTemp1907Points

Highest temperatures recorded in July 2006 at a selection of long period stations
Station Highest Temperature (°C) / Date Earliest year for records Ranking of highest temperature Current or previous any month record (°C) / Date
Wisley, Surrey 36.5 / 19th 1904 2 37.8 / 10 August 2003
Cambridge Botanic Garden 35.6 / 19th 1904 4 36.9 / 10 August 2003
Heathrow, Greater London 35.5 / 19th 1948 3 37.9 / 10 August 2003
Alice Holt Lodge, Hampshire 35.4 / 19th 1950 1 35.1 / 10 August 2003
Oxford 34.8 / 19th 1881 3 35.1 / 3 August 1990
Gogerddan, Ceredigion 34.6 / 19th 1956 1 32.8 / 2 August 1990
Boscombe Down, Wiltshire 34.5 / 19th 1931 1 34.2 / 3 August 1990
Usk, Monmouthshire 34.1 / 19th 1924 1 33.6 / 3 July 1976
Aberporth, Ceredigion 34.1 / 19th 1942 1 31.8 / 2 August 1995
Valley, Anglesey 33.6 / 19th 1931 1 33.0 / 5 August 2003
Hastings, East Sussex 33.2 / 19th 1931 1 32.3 / 27 June 1976
Auchincruive, Ayrshire 30.7 / 19th 1932 1 30.6 / 29 July 1948
Buxton, Derbyshire 30.1 / 19th 1908 # 4 32.7 / 3 August 1990
Dyce, Aberdeen 29.8 / 17th 1943 1 29.7 / 21 August 1995
Lough Navar Forest, Co. Fermanagh 29.8 /19th 1962 1 28.8 / 30 June 1976
Kielder Castle, Northumberland 29.7 / 18th 1951 2 30.0 / 9 August 2003
Helens Bay, Co. Down 28.4 / 17th 1961 2 28.8 / 29 June 1995

# Monthly Weather Reports back to 1908

The month

Maps of daily average maximum temperature sunshine total for July 2006

2006_7_MaxTemp_Actual

Maps of daily average monthly sunshine total for July 2006

2006_7_Sunshine_Actual

Regional Mean Daily Maximum Temperature
Region Actual (°C) Variation from
1961-90 (°C)
Rank – July Comments – previous July values Rank – any month Comments – previous any month values
UK 17.8 3.4 1 17.3 °C in July 1983 1 17.3 °C in July 1983 and August 1995
England 19.3 3.8 1 18.7 °C in July 1983 1 18.7 °C in July 1983
Wales 17.8 3.2 2 18.1 °C in July 1983 3 18.0 °C in August 1995
England & Wales 19.1 3.7 1 18.6 °C in July 1983 1 18.6 °C in July 1983
Scotland 15.6 3.1 1 15.0 °C in July 1983 1 15.4 °C in August 1947
N Ireland 16.7 2.7 1 16.5 °C in July 1983 2 17.1 °C in August 1995
Regional Sunshine duration
Region Actual (hours) Variation from 1961-90 (%) Rank – July Comments – previous July values Rank – any month Comments – previous any month values
UK 253.3 152 2 256.1 hr in July 1955 6
England 291.8 158 1 262.6 hr in July 1989 1 * 284.3 hr in June 1957
Wales 261.0 149 3 297.5 hr in July 1955 and 268.1 hr in July 1940 7
England & Wales 287.6 157 1 265.0 hr in July 1955 1 * 284.6 hr in June 1957
Scotland 195.4 138 4 39
N Ireland 207.9 149 4 34

* The ranking is on the basis of monthly totals but if hours/day is used then the June 1957 values of 9.48 hours/day for England and 9.49 hours/day for England & Wales exceed those for July 2006 (9.41 hours/day and 9.28 hours/day respectively)

Further information

Reference: ‘The record breaking heat and sunshine of July 2006’ J. Prior and M. Beswick, Weather magazine published by the Royal Meteorological Society,Vol. 62, 2007, pp. 174-182.

The record breaking heat and sunshine of July 2006

The Met Office is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Last updated: 29 October 2012

Record rainfall – June-July & May-July 2007

Record totals over England and Wales for both of these periods…

June and July 2007 were both exceptionally wet months, with large areas of England and Wales and eastern parts of Northern Ireland having over twice the average rainfall for these two months, and locally three times the average over Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire and the Humber.

The June-July 2007 per cent of average map is shown below.
Rainfall anomaly map

Areal values for June-July 2007 for the UK, countries and regions that have experienced high precipitation are shown in the table below. These values are final and are based on the full network of stations. These areal series begin in 1914.

June-July 2007 – areal precipitation values
Area
(Regions map |Districts map)
June-July 2007
precipitation (mm)
% of 1961-1990 average Ranking in
June-July series
from 1914
Highest or previous
high since 1914
UK 270.9 187 1 228.8 mm – 1931
England 271.0 227 1 215.6 mm – 1936
Wales 373.0 224 1 323.2 mm – 1936
Scotland 242.8 134 9 298.0 mm – 1938
N Ireland 279.1 193 1 274.5 mm – 1958
England & Wales (*) 285.0 226 1 230.3 mm – 1936
England N 319.6 233 1 249.4 mm – 1931
England S 245.3 223 1 219.1 mm – 1936
England E & NE 295.6 254 1 208.4 mm – 1931
England NW & Wales N 347.6 206 1 287.2 mm – 1931
Midlands 312.3 267 1 227.3 mm – 1936
East Anglia 173.8 171 3 206.9 mm – 1936
England SW & Wales S 310.8 216 1 288.1 mm – 1936
England SE & central S 222.1 214 1 194.9 mm – 1991

(*) There is also an historic monthly rainfall series for England and Wales, from 1766, which is an homogenous series based on selected station data. In this series, the total for June-July 2007 was 294.1 mm exceeding the previous June-July record by over 20 mm. The previous record was 270.6 mm in June-July 1768.

May-July 2007 – Record rainfall

As well as June and July being exceptionally wet, May also had well above average precipitation. The May-July 2007 per cent of average map is shown below.
Rainfall anomaly map

Areal values for May-July 2007 for the UK, countries and regions that have experienced high precipitation are shown in the table below. These values are final and are based on the full network of stations. These areal series begin in 1914.

May-July 2007 – areal precipitation values
Area
(Regions map |Districts map)
May-July 2007
precipitation (mm)
% of 1961-1990 average Ranking in
May-July series
from 1914
Highest or previous
high since 1914
UK 384.7 178 1 325.9 mm – 1931
England 378.1 211 1 277.9 mm – 1924
Wales 502.0 198 1 420.1 mm – 1920
Scotland 371.6 139 4 401.7 mm – 1931
N Ireland 350.5 161 4 373.0 mm – 1931
Englands&sWales (*) 395.1 209 1 295.5 mm – 1924
England N 403.4 199 1 324.4 mm – 1931
England S 364.7 218 1 267.3 mm – 1924
England E & NE 372.8 215 1 280.0 mm – 1931
England NW & Wales N 450.3 181 1 408.2 mm – 1920
Midlands 424.8 240 1 286.3 mm – 1958
East Anglia 291.9 196 1 247.5 mm – 1958
England SW & Wales S 448.7 203 1 360.0 mm – 1931
England SE & central S 325.9 204 1 268.1 mm – 1924

(*) There is also an historic monthly rainfall series for England and Wales, from 1766, which is an homogenous series based on selected station data. In this series, the total for May-July 2007 was 415.1 mm exceeding the previous May-July record by over 60 mm. The previous record was 349.1 mm in May-July 1789.

Last updated: 11 January 2013

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  1. Rob says:

    Quite amazing the variations from one year to the next, well done Mark this article was very informative 🙂

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